ACEA

European Automobile Manufacturers Association

Stands for A ssociation des C onstructeurs E uropéens d ' A utomobiles, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association. It represents 13 major European automobile manufacturers: BMW, DAF, Daimler, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, MAN, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault, Scania, Volkswagen, Volvo. Local associations of the automotive industry of all EU countries (with the exception of Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia and Cyprus) are associated, for example the Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) in Germany. The ACEA specifications, which define the technical requirements of motor vehicle oils, are published. ACEA thus continues the work of the CCMC, the rules of which have not been valid since 1.1.1997. The following ACEA specifications have been valid since February 2007:

For petrol and light diesel engines: A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5 For vehicles with exhaust gas aftertreatment (DPF, TWC): C1, C2, C3, C4 For heavy diesel engines: E2, E4, E6, E7

Additives

Additive or active ingredient

Oil- soluble substances that are added to mineral oils , mineral oil products and synthetic oils. They change or improve the properties of the lubricants, fuels, heating oils, etc., such as oxidation stability, EP effect, foaming, oiliness, viscosity-temperature behavior, pour point, fluidity, carburettor icing, suction system contamination, filterability, through chemical and / or physical effects , Ignitability, knock resistance etc.

Aging

Is the undesirable chemical change of mineral and synthetic products (eg lubricants , fuels) during use and during storage; triggered by reactions with oxygen (formation of peroxides, hydrocarbon radicals). Heat, light and the catalytic effects of metals and other contaminants accelerate the oxidation . Acids and sludge are formed; Anti-aging agents - antioxidants (AO) - delay aging.

Aging Resistance

Oxidation characteristics

Unalloyed lubricants containing active ingredients; the increase in Conradson's coke residue after aging is measured by passing air through it: DIN 51352 T1; Passing air in the presence of iron (III) oxide (for turbine oils TDL): DIN 51352 T2.To determine the aging behavior of steam turbine and hydraulic oils containing active substances , the increase in the neutralization number is determined when the oil is treated with oxygen in the presence of water, steel and copper: DIN 51587.

Waste Oil

Used oil

Used lubricant that has become unsuitable for further use as a special lubricant due to aging , contamination, etc. but can still be used for subordinate lubrication points such as loss lubrication. According to the Waste Act, waste oil is defined as used semi-liquid or liquid substances that consist wholly or partly of mineral oil or synthetic oils, including oily residues from containers, emulsions and water-oil mixtures. A distinction is made between six waste oil groups, which must be collected and stored separately.

• Waste oils for reconditioning engine, gear, mineral machine, turbine and hydraulic oils , chlorine <2g / kg, PCB <4 mg / kg (collection category 1)
• Waste oils that can be reprocessed Waste oils that can be reprocessed other than A without harmful substances (collection category 2)
• Waste oils for thermal recycling chlorine unlimited, depending on the system, PCB <50 mg / kg
• Waste oils as special waste (no waste oil) Unknown or contaminated waste oils; Unlimited chlorine; PCB> 50 mg / kg
• emulsions and oil / water mixtures without hazard class, no flash point; Hazardous waste (no waste oil)
• Vegetable oils without hazard class (collective category 4)

Barrel

(English barrel)

The barrel is an international measure that has been used in the mineral oil industry since the beginning of oil production, when crude oil was still being poured into barrels. Production volumes and price quotations are set in barrels or dollars / barrel.1 barrel = 42 US gallons = 159 l

Base oil

Mineral oil content of an alloyed lubricating oil - see base oil - or oil content in lubricating greases . Base oils, base oils: Main part of mineral oils or synthetic oils in mixed or alloyed lubricating oils such as engine, gear oils etc. or in products that contain lubricating oil, e.g. greases. The type and amount of base oils in a product are decisive for viscosity-temperature behavior, oxidation resistance, responsiveness of the additives, penetration, friction behavior, etc.

Blue Angel

Symbol for Environmentally Compatible Products

Colloquial term for an eco-label, which is awarded by the Federal Environment Agency according to RAL guidelines for products which, when viewed holistically, have significantly more favorable properties in terms of environmental relevance compared to conventional alternatives for the same purpose. The following basic criteria for the award of environmental labels have been published for lubricants :

Quickly biodegradable chain lubricants for chainsaws RAL-UZ 48 Rapidly biodegradable lubricants and formwork oils RAL-UZ 64 Rapidly biodegradable hydraulic fluids RAL-UZ 79

Dazzle

Blending

Mixing mineral oil products and additives. Takes place in the tank or boiler as "batch blending" and continuously in automatic mixing systems or in the end point additive when filling as "in line blending".

Brake Fluid

Special hydraulic fluid for vehicles. High boiling points are required, even with water absorption, corrosion protection and lubrication of the system. Polyglycols, boric acid esters and glycol ethers are mostly used as basic liquids. The system of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) with the DOT values ​​(Department of Transportation) is used as the performance class. Classifications according to ISO 4925 and the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS K 2233) also exist.

Cetane Number (CZ)

Measure of the ignitability of diesel fuels. It indicates the percentage by volume of cetane contained in a mixture with alpha-methylnaphthalene, in which the same ignition delay is found as for the diesel fuel to be tested: DIN 51773

Crude Oil

Unprocessed, degassed, demineralized, dehydrated and separated from solid impurities oil .

Density

Gravity

The density p of a mineral oil or a related substance is the quotient of its mass m and its volume V, at a certain temperature t; it is a substance-specific property. For substances of the same type, it increases with increasing viscosity and with increasing quality of the degree of refinement: DIN 51757 p = m / V

DIN - German Institute for Standardization eV

German Standard Institute

For mineral oil products, standards on properties, requirements and test methods for manufacturers, users and consumers. Participation of all interested parties in the standardization work is desired.

DOT

Department of Transport; defines the guidelines for brake fluids DOT 3, 4 and 5.

EP lubricants

Extreme pressure lubricants

E xtreme P ressure lubricants ; for lubricating oils or greases that contain EP active substances (polar or metal-active additives or solid lubricants etc.) to enable a higher load capacity, e.g. in motor oils , gear oils, hypoid gear oils , hydraulic oils , cutting oils etc.

Oil

Petroleum crude

In the interior of the earth in porous storage rocks (petroleum deposits), from animal and vegetable fats by means of temperature and pressure as well as catalytic mechanisms of action, hydrocarbon mixtures with small amounts of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and metals. A distinction is made between paraffin-based, naphthen-based and mixed-base petroleum.

Solid Lubricants

They are usually only used and required for lubrication tasks under extreme conditions (e.g. when operating in a mixed friction area). The best known are graphite, molybdenum disulfide, various plastics (e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene) and heavy metal sulfides: DIN 51831 T1 / T2, 51832

Flash Point

Is the lowest temperature at which vapors develop from a liquid to be tested under specified conditions in an open or closed crucible in such a quantity that a vapor-air mixture that is flammable through spark ignition forms, flares up briefly and then goes out again: DIN 51755 T2, DIN ISO 2592, DIN prEN 57

Flow Behavior

Flow characteristics

The viscosity behavior of individual substances can be shown in flow curves (rheograms - relationship between speed gradient and shear stress) or viscosity curves (representation of viscosity h to shear stress). The shape of the flow behavior depends on the type of substance, e.g. mineral oils , synthetic liquids, lubricating greases etc. There is Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant and thixotropic flow behavior.

Antifreeze

Anti Freezing Agent Coolants that contain about 90% ethylene glycol as well as propylene glycol, inhibitors, additives , dyes and a small amount of water as concentrates . The special coolant fractions are so-called house specifications of the individual car manufacturers, which also prescribe the mixing ratios.

Gas Engine Oil

Motor oils that have been specially alloyed for the special characteristics and sometimes aggressive components of the various gases (sewage, natural gas, refined gas, propane / butane, etc.).

Hazard Class

Danger Risk Class / Hazard Class

Until 2002, the flammable liquids were classified according to the following groups

Group A : Liquids which have a flash point not exceeding 100 ° C and which do not have the properties of group B in terms of water solubility, namely

• Hazard class I: liquids with a flash point below 21 ° C: DIN 51755
• Hazard class II: liquids with a flash point of 21 to 55 ° C: DIN 51755
• Danger class III: liquids with a flash point of 55 to 100 ° C: DIN 51758

Group B : Liquids with a flash point below 21 ° C, which dissolve in water in any ratio at 15 ° C or whose flammable liquid components dissolve in water in any ratio at 15 ° C. Observe the regulations for flammable liquids (VbF) for storage, transport, labeling, etc.! Since September 27, 2002, the Industrial Safety Ordinance (BetSichV) regulates the provision and use of work equipment. The old hazard classes are therefore no longer valid.

Getriebefett

Gear fluid greases, formerly mostly saponified with sodium, today mostly Li, Ca and Al soap greases; often on a synthetic basis; long-lasting soft to semi-fluid greases (NLGI 0.00,000.1) for gearboxes and geared motors with simple shaft seals; mostly EP alloyed; DIN 51826 consistency classification for greases : DIN 51818

Gear Oil

Lubricating oil for industrial gearboxes: DIN 51509, DIN 51517 T1, 2,3 (lubricating oils C, CL, CLP); For automotive gearboxes according to API GL-1 to GL-5; SAE classes: DIN 51512

Base oils / base oils

Main part of mineral oils or synthetic oils in mixed or alloyed lubricating oils such as engine, gear oils etc. or in products that contain lubricating oil, e.g. greases . The type and amount of base oils in a product are decisive for viscosity-temperature behavior, oxidation resistance, responsiveness of the additives, penetration, friction behavior, etc.

Heavy-duty engine oils (HD oils)

HD Engine Oil

Motor oil that is specially adapted to the heavy requirements in diesel and gasoline engines (outdated designation) - see API classifications.

honing oil

low-viscosity cutting oil for the honing process in metalworking; Viscosity approx. 6 to 10 mm² / s at 20 ° C; the decisive factors are: type of honing, speed, material, honing stones etc.

HTHSV - High Temperature High Share Rate Viscosity

HTHSV is the apparent viscosity of a multigrade engine oil at a certain high temperature (150 ° C) and a defined high speed gradient (10 6 s -1 ) in a defined measuring vessel according to a standardized measuring method (CEC-L-36-T-84). This procedure is part of the ACEA classification with minimum requirements for the individual oil categories.

hydraulic oil

Gear Oil

Lubricating oil for industrial gearboxes: DIN 51509, DIN 51517 T1, 2,3 (lubricating oils C, CL, CLP);

For automotive gearboxes according to API GL-1 to GL-5; SAE classes: DIN 51512

Hydraulic Oil - Hydraulic Oil

Aging-resistant, thin, non-foaming, highly refined hydraulic fluid made of mineral oil and / or synthetic oil with a low pour point for use in hydraulic systems, mainly with hydrostatic drive. They may be used in hydraulic systems with a hydrodynamic drive, provided that they meet the requirements of these drives.

HL are hydraulic oils (hydraulic fluids) made from mineral oils with active ingredients to increase corrosion protection and aging resistance: DIN 51524 T1

HLP are hydraulic oils (hydraulic fluids) made from mineral oils with active ingredients to increase corrosion protection, aging resistance and reduce fretting wear in the mixed friction area: DIN 51524 T2, VDMA 24 318

HVLP are hydraulic oils (hydraulic fluids) made from mineral oils with active ingredients to increase corrosion protection and aging resistance. To reduce seizure wear in the mixed friction area and to improve the viscosity-temperature behavior: DIN 51524 T3

HLPD are hydraulic oils with detergent additives.

Hypoid gear oil

High-pressure lubricating oil with EP additives to improve lubricity and to avoid the tendency to seize. Mainly used for axle drives for motor vehicles, in which spiral-toothed and axially offset bevel gear drives (hypoid gearboxes) occur - see API classifications for gearbox oils -

ILSAC

International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee

ILSAC is based on the API classifications. Today, ILSAC GF 3 (API SL) is current, classification ILSAC GF 2 corresponds to API SJ, ILSAC GF 1 was API SH. ILSAC GF 4 is assigned to the API SM classification.

Currently valid specifications for engine oils :

• ILSAC application range
• GF-1 no longer valid
• GF-2 0W-XX, 5W-XX, 10W-XX - oils only, fuel economy, P content limited
• GF-3 based on API-SL fuel economy
• GF-4 new 2004

industrial lubricant

Lubricating oil and grease for industrial units and machines; Classification in: DIN 51502, DIN ISO 6743 part 0 to 15

ISO

I nternational O rganization for S tandardization

ISO classification for lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L)

ISO - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L); Classification

This classification consists of 18 families, to which the products are assigned according to their application in such a way that as far as possible all applications for lubricants , industrial oils and related products are covered: DIN ISO 6743 Part 0

Cold Sludge

forms in the crankcase of engines through combustion products and condensed water that run at low loads and low operating temperatures, such as in stop-and-go operation; Cold sludge formation can lead to premature engine wear and damage; Influencing parameters: operating conditions, engine oil quality, oil change intervals and fuel quality.

Antiknock

it indicates the behavior (resistance) of a petrol against self-ignition during combustion in the engine: DIN 51756 T1, 3, 7, RON (research octane number), MOZ (engine octane number), SOZ (road octane number); It is measured in the BASF test engine, the CFR engine or in vehicles.

Hydrocarbons

Chemical compounds (molecules) made up of the elements carbon and hydrogen; divided into paraffins (alkanes), naphthenes (cycloalkanes), aromatics, olefins (alkenes), alkynes, complex hydrocarbons etc.

Antifreeze

Anti-freeze agents

In order to prevent the cooling water in motor vehicles from freezing, antifreeze agents, mainly ethylene glycols or their derivatives, which are provided with anticorrosive agents, are added to the cooling water; Vehicle manufacturers prescribe mixing ratios.

Coolant

Lubricants for cooling and lubricating when cutting and partly when forming materials; DIN 51385 divides into

• 0. Cooling lubricant
• Non-water-miscible cooling lubricant
• Water- miscible cooling lubricant
  • Emulsifiable cooling lubricant
  • Water-soluble cooling lubricant
• Water-mixed cooling lubricant
  • Cooling lubricant emulsion (oil-in-water)
  • Cooling lubricant solution

Testing the corrosion protection properties: DIN 51360 T1, 2 Resistance to emulsifiability: DIN 51367; Determination of the fraction that can be separated with acid: DIN 51368, pH value: DIN 51369

Low-friction Oil

Fuel economy oil

Automotive engine or gear oils, which save fuel in operation by reducing friction compared to conventional 15W-40 engine oils or 80W-90 gear oils, enable better starting of the engines in the low-temperature range and ensure faster oiling times for the various units: so-called fuel economy oils or Fuel Efficient Oils. The reduction in friction can be achieved by reducing the viscosity , using certain synthetic base oils and / or adding friction-reducing additives . Requirements for low- viscosity motor oils according to ACEA specification A1, B1, C1, C2 or API in connection with EC requirements.

Limited Slip (LS)

(limited slip); LS active ingredients are used, for example, in hypoid gear oils for limited slip differentials, ATFs and for bed track oils - see friction coefficient improvers -

Low SAPS Oil

SAPS stands for sulfate ash, phosphorus and sulfur.Oils with a limited content of these elements for use as motor oil in vehicles with diesel particle filter (DPF) and TWC (three-way catalyst)

Multigrade engine and gear oil

Lubricating oil, which is intended for year-round use in motor vehicles due to its very good viscosity- temperature behavior; it covers several SAE classes, for multigrade engine oils : 5W-30, 10W-30; 10W-40; 15W-40; 15W-50 etc., VI approx. 130 to 170; for multi-grade gear oil: 75W-90; 80W-90; 85W-140 etc., VI approx. 115 to 170.

Multipurpose Gear Oils

Can be used for gearboxes, auxiliary gearboxes, hypoid gearboxes etc. in motor vehicles, tractors and construction machinery, provided that they meet the required MIL specifications or API classifications; good compatibility of the various active ingredients ( additives ) with seals, non-ferrous metals, etc. must be ensured.

Multi-purpose Oils

These are industrial lubricants which, through special additives, meet the requirements of various machine tool units as well as the requirements for cutting oils , etc. Provided that the unit requirements are met, they can therefore be used as gear oils, bed sheet oils , cutting oils , hydraulic oils in central lubrication systems, etc.

Metalworking Oil

Collective term for cutting oils , rolling oils, drawing oils and drilling oils, water-miscible and non-water-miscible, the standard term is cooling lubricants; Main tasks: depending on the application, lubrication, cooling, chip transport, corrosion protection etc. - see cooling lubricants -

MIL Specification

US Armed Forces specifications with minimum requirements for supplies to be supplied; Engine and machine manufacturers sometimes have the same minimum requirements, ie according to MIL specifications; the fulfillment of the minimum requirements is considered a quality standard. MIL specifications are becoming less and less important in Europe.

Mineral Oils

Or mineral oil products are the liquid distillation and refining products obtained from the mineral raw material petroleum , which mainly consist of mixtures of saturated and possibly small amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons .

Motor Oil

Engine Oil is used to lubricate the bearings, the engine, the cylinders and the valve train in internal combustion engines. Motor oils are classified in different viscosities (SAE classifications); There are unalloyed and alloyed motor oils which, depending on their alloy grade, meet different specifications (e.g. MIL, ACEA ) and classifications (e.g. API).

NLGI

National Lubricating Grease Institute

NLGI Grades

NLGI Classes

Classification of consistency (penetration classes) for greases : DIN 51818

NLGI class Walk penetration according to DIN ISO 2137

in tenths of a millimeter (0.1mm)

000 fluid greases 445 to 475

00 400 to 430

0 355 to 385

1 soft fats 310 to 340

2 265 to 295

3 220 to 250

4 normal fats 175 to 205

5 130 to 160

6 solid fats 85 to 115

Oxidation

Chemical reaction with oxygen. Oxidation of hydrocarbons leads to an increase in viscosity, paint formation, polymerization and acid formation.

Paraffins (alkanes)

Gaseous, liquid and solid chain-like saturated hydrocarbon compounds; A distinction is made between normal (n) paraffins with a straight structure and iso (i) paraffins with a branched structure.

Polyalphaolefins (PAO)

Synthetic hydrocarbons (special iso-paraffins with short main and long side chains). Form from olefins, which are obtained by means of the steam cracking process, by polymerization or copolymerization using a special catalyst technology. Main component of synthetic motor oils .

Pourpoint (pp)

Is the lowest temperature at which the oil will still flow when it is cooled under specified conditions. Determination of the pour point: DIN ISO 3016

Coefficient of friction (FM)

Friction Modifier (FM)

Friction modifiers (friction modifiers) are fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, organic amines, amine phosphates, mild EP additives and much more. Friction modifiers should reduce or reduce friction losses or cause a defined friction behavior of the various lubricants. The different areas of application in the mixed friction area are the avoidance of frictional vibrations (eg on bed tracks), the so-called stick-slip phenomena (stick-slip), or noises in automatic transmissions, synchronizer rings and limited slip differentials. Furthermore, they are used for fuel-saving (fuel economy) engine oils and for the controlled friction behavior of hydraulic gear oils (UTTO, STOU) for systems with wet brakes and clutches.

SAE

Society of Automotiv Engineers

Vereinigung der US-amerikanischen Kraftfahrzeugingenieure, die unter anderem die US-amerikanischen Viskositätsklassen für Motoren- und Getriebeöl entwickelt hat.

Shear stability

To improve the viscosity-temperature behavior, lubricating oils, hydraulic oils, etc., viscosity index improvers (oil-soluble polymers) are added. These polymer molecules, which can have a linear, lattice or network-like structure, are in part high molecular structures (macro-molecules) in the high temperature range, which then change their molecular structure or break apart when subjected to shear forces, such as occur in gears or hydraulic systems , This causes a more or less large loss of viscosity. Testing or shear stability: DIN 51382; CEC L-14-A-88: ​​L-25-A-78; L-37-T-85; L-45-T-92

Sludging

Sludge formation

Aging of mineral oils. The influence of air and water can lead to the formation of oxidants and polymerization in mineral oil products; in the event of heavy accumulation, these oxidation products are no longer dispersed in the oil, precipitate and form sludge; With modern lean-concept gasoline engines, black sludge (so-called black sludge) can develop under certain conditions. Influencing factors can be: engine type, operating conditions, nitrogen oxide formation, fuel, engine oil design, oil change intervals, oil quantity, oil consumption, etc .; there are special motorized sludge tests for motor oils .

Lubricity

Identifies the load-bearing capacity of the lubricating film of a lubricant ; it must always be related to specific conditions such as: type of friction, state of friction, material pairing of the rubbing bodies, lubrication of the contact surfaces, surface loading, speed and temperature; For example, in the case of liquid friction, only the viscosity is decisive for the load-bearing capacity; in the case of limit friction, on the other hand, the ability to prevent seizure with the help of EP agents; for these reasons there is no uniform measure of lubricity.

greases

Lubricating Greases

Are consistent mixtures of thickeners and oils; one differentiates:

Metal soap greases (Ca, AL, Li, Na and complex soap greases etc.), which are composed of fatty acids and alkalis as metal soaps (thickening or swelling agents) and lubricating oils. Metal soap, lubricating oil and manufacturing process determine the structure, consistency, usage properties and type of use.

Soap-free greases with inorganic gelling agents (silica gel, silica gel, bentonite, etc.) or organic thickeners (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyureas, etc.) and lubricating oils

Synthetic greases, which are composed of organic or inorganic thickeners and synthetic oils (ester, silicone, polyglycol, polyphenyl ether oils, etc.).

Lubricants

Lubricants have the task of reducing friction and wear in the event of sliding or rolling contact between two points, lines or surfaces moving towards each other; a distinction is made between liquid, plastic-solid, solid and gaseous lubricants (lubricants).

Cutting Oil

Non-water-miscible coolant (metalworking oils) for metalworking. It has the task of lubricating, dissipating the heat and taking over the chip transport. Depending on the application, the additives are added with sulfur, phosphorus compounds or with the addition of fatty oils.

Specification

Spezification Regulations for lubricants and fuels, in which physical and chemical properties as well as test methods are specified.

Synthetic lubricants

have been developed for special technical areas of application and special requirements. They are used, for example, for requirements such as fire resistance, high temperature stability, low temperature behavior, resistance to radioactive radiation, loss of evaporation, resistance to oxidation (lifetime fulfillment), high pressure stability, viscosity-temperature behavior etc. The additive responsiveness of the various synthetic lubricants is very different and led to the development of new additive combinations, some of which can only be used for certain synthetic lubricants. The following synthetic lubricating oils are used: polyalkylene glycols, synthetic hydrocarbons (e.g. polyalphaolefins, dialkylbenzenes, polyisobutylenes), dicarboxylic acid and polyol esters, phosphoric acid esters, silicones, polyphenyl ethers,

UTTO

Multi-purpose tractor oil for transmissions including wet brakes and hydraulics for tractors and construction equipment, but not for engines. Modern UTTO oils are in the viscosity class of 10W-30 or 5W-20. As gear oil, they correspond to an API performance class of GL 4 and the company specifications of Massey-Ferguson M1141 / M1135, New Holland FNHA-2-C201.00, John Deere J20C / D and Caterpillar TO-2 and Allison C4. As hydraulic oil , they are at Denison HFO level.

Compressor lube oils

According to DIN 51506

lubricating oils V, which are used in air compressors with oil-lubricated pressure chambers without injection cooling . These lubricating oils can also be used in air vacuum pumps that deliver against a higher than atmospheric pressure.

Oil Group For mobile air compressors and compressors whose compressed air is used to actuate braking, tipping, signaling or conveying devices on vehicles - with compression end temperatures For air compressors with tanks for storing the compressed air or with pipeline networks with final compression temperatures

VDL Up to 220 ° C Up to 220 ° C

VC / VCL Up to 220 ° C Up to 160 ° C 1)

VB / VBL Up to 140 ° C Up to 140 ° C

1) Rotary vane

compressors (multi-cell compressors ) with fresh oil lubrication can be operated with final compression temperatures of up to 180 ° C, with

- lubricating oils alloyed according to the type of engine oils,

- alloyed compressor oils ,

provided the requirements of lubricating oil group VCL listed in Table 2 of DIN 51506 are met.

Wear additives

Substances that initially adhere to the metal surface due to their polarity. If there is an increase in temperature due to friction in the mixed friction area, these additives activates and forms chemical bonds at the friction points. As a result, new surfaces continuously form at the friction points, which prevent or restrict material removal due to wear. Oil-soluble phosphorus and sulfur compounds and to a large extent zinc dithiophosphates (ZnDTP) are used. Sulfur carriers such as sulfurized olefins or fatty acid esters are particularly suitable for certain conditions. Chlorine paraffins no longer play a major role due to the expensive disposal. Solid lubricants represent another group. Representatives of this group are molybdenum sulfide or graphite and other substances with a special layered grid structure. Soft substances such as certain metals (lead, gold) can also be used as wear protection additives.

viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the viscosity of a liquid. The higher the viscosity the thicker the product, the lower the viscosity the less viscous. High viscosities therefore form thick lubricating films and reliably protect gears and bearings against wear. Low viscosities mean less splashing losses, especially for motor oils , which means higher efficiency and therefore lower fuel consumption. In manual transmissions, the shifting forces increase with increasing viscosity. This means a deterioration in shifting comfort.

Viscosity index (VI)

Calculated number of a conventional scale, which characterizes the change in viscosity of a mineral oil or synthetic oil product with the temperature. A high viscosity index indicates less change in viscosity with temperature than a lower viscosity index and vice versa. Calculation of the VI from the kinematic viscosity : DIN ISO 2909, ASTM D 2270

Wälzlagerfett

Ball bearing grease

Grease for rolling bearings, lithium-today in most cases, grease , sometimes Natriumseifen- grease , for special applications, eg very strong influence of water, also Calciumseifen- greases

rolling oil

Steel rolling oil

Metalworking oils used in cold rolling to wet the rolls, ie to lubricate and cool them during the rolling process.

Thermal oil

Heat Transfer Oil

Temperature and oxidation-resistant mineral or synthetic oil with a good flash point , which can be used as a heat transfer medium for cooling or heating. Other important features are: start of boiling, flash point , vapor pressure, fluidity and cracking temperature.Heat transfer oils Q: DIN 51522

Water hazard classes (WGK)

Water Polluting Category, Water Polluting Class

The Commission for the Evaluation of Water Hazardous Substances (KBwS) prepared the catalog of water hazardous substances. It is divided into three water hazard classes. On August 1, 2005, the currently valid new VwVwS (administrative regulation of water-polluting substances) came into force. The VwVwS specifies the substances that are suitable for permanently changing the physical, chemical or biological properties of water. The VwVwS classifies the substances into the following water hazard classes (WGK) based on their physical, chemical and biological properties according to their hazard.

WGK 3: highly water endangering

WGK 2: water endangering

WGK 1: weak water endangering

If a substance is not assigned to a water hazard class in the VwVwS substance list, a water hazard must be determined by means of a point evaluation using the R-phrases of the Hazardous Substances Ordinance. A certain number of points is assigned to each R-phrase to be used. The resulting total score is assigned to the water hazard classes as follows:

0 - 4 points: WGK 1

5 - 8 points: WGK 2

9 and more points: WGK 3

In addition, some substances are classified as non-hazardous to water if they meet certain requirements.

Two-stroke engine oil

For the lubrication of two-stroke gasoline engines, a distinction is made between the following two-stroke engine oils depending on the type of engine, application, lubrication system, miscibility, mixing ratio, corrosion protection, cleaning effect, biodegradability, etc .:

a) self-mixing (pre-dissolved)

b) non-self-mixing (not pre-dissolved) for fresh oil automatic (fresh oil lubrication)

c) outboard motor oils (outboard oils)

The two-stroke oils are divided into three API performance categories TA, TB, TC for mopeds, scooters, motorbikes etc. as well as for other land devices.

For water-cooled two-stroke outboard motors, the performance categories according to API, TD or NMMA (National Marine Manufacturing Association) TC-W (until 1992), TC-W II (from 1993) and TC-W 3 apply.

Secondary raffinates

Rerefined Oils

Certain used lubricating oils ( waste oils ), which are refurbished in a refinery to make double refinements (dewatering, cleaning, distillation, refining, blending, additives, etc.). Depending on the quality of the process technology, they can have properties such as initial raffinates.